Author Topic: Royer Refinements  (Read 7179 times)

Offline flyrod

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Royer Refinements
« on: November 28, 2017, 04:18:28 PM »
Hello all.  I found this forum after searching and reading about the royer induction circuits online.  I tried to register at 4hv.org but couldn't get in.  Anyway, I'm new to electronics but I've built several of these circuits and I was wondering if anyone with an oscilloscope has experimented with different components.  All I have is a volt meter so I can see changes in voltage/current draw but I don't know why I'm seeing the changes.  In my experiments I've noticed that there can be a wide range of outcomes using the same "recipe" with different components.

For example, I've noticed that increasing the tank capacitance increases the current draw.  My initial guess was that increasing capacitance would drop the frequency and also the current--but I observed the opposite effect.  Does increasing the tank capacitance increase the tank AC voltage?  i.e. the tank will swing further with a lager capacitance?

I've tried different toroid inductors and have not seen much difference.  Perhaps they are more critical at higher current draw?  I've wound the same cores with 30 turns and again with 40 turns and not seen a change.  Has anyone seen what happens if theses inductors are too big or too small?

I've seen some people put nuts or ferrite beads on the FET gate wires.  I tried some back-to-back tests with the only change being the beads, and I didn't see much difference.  How do you know what these parts do (without an oscilloscope)?

I've tried changing out tank capacitors with MMC or different types all with the same capacitance and seen wide ranges of current draw.  One circuit I have that's built using a heavy duty snubber capacitor pulls the most current (compared to other types or arrays of capacitors with the same capacitance).  Again, this was not intuitive for me because I thought a "better" capacitor would have lower internal losses and would thus use less power in the circuit.

I've tried a few different types of "fast" diodes and not seen much difference.

There are a lot of these circuits on ebay these days, and looking at the pictures they all seem to be about the same.  Except for this one:



it seems to have an over-current (or over temperature?) limiting circuit and it looks like they have some other type of gate control.  Note there are 4 small transistors hooked up to the gates of the power FETs.  Does anyone know what they're using for gate control on these boards?

At this point I think I need an oscilloscope to see what different components are doing, so I wanted to ask if other people have already done these sorts of tests.  Thanks!


Offline Mads Barnkob

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Re: Royer Refinements
« Reply #1 on: December 03, 2017, 08:44:56 PM »
Hello and welcome to HVF :)

Hello all.  I found this forum after searching and reading about the royer induction circuits online.  I tried to register at 4hv.org but couldn't get in.  Anyway, I'm new to electronics but I've built several of these circuits and I was wondering if anyone with an oscilloscope has experimented with different components.  All I have is a volt meter so I can see changes in voltage/current draw but I don't know why I'm seeing the changes.  In my experiments I've noticed that there can be a wide range of outcomes using the same "recipe" with different components.

For example, I've noticed that increasing the tank capacitance increases the current draw.  My initial guess was that increasing capacitance would drop the frequency and also the current--but I observed the opposite effect.  Does increasing the tank capacitance increase the tank AC voltage?  i.e. the tank will swing further with a lager capacitance?

Increasing the capacitance will lower the primary circuit impedance and this is why you see a increase in current draw.

I've tried different toroid inductors and have not seen much difference.  Perhaps they are more critical at higher current draw?  I've wound the same cores with 30 turns and again with 40 turns and not seen a change.  Has anyone seen what happens if theses inductors are too big or too small?

Too big inductors will result in a too large voltage drop, as you also found out, they are not a critical component, but they do their job as voltage reserve.

I've seen some people put nuts or ferrite beads on the FET gate wires.  I tried some back-to-back tests with the only change being the beads, and I didn't see much difference.  How do you know what these parts do (without an oscilloscope)?

I would only think that is trying to suppress high frequency noise from interfering with the gate drive, as the Royer circuit can quickly get unstable and explode :)

I've tried changing out tank capacitors with MMC or different types all with the same capacitance and seen wide ranges of current draw.  One circuit I have that's built using a heavy duty snubber capacitor pulls the most current (compared to other types or arrays of capacitors with the same capacitance).  Again, this was not intuitive for me because I thought a "better" capacitor would have lower internal losses and would thus use less power in the circuit.

Better capacitors like a heavy duty snubber capacitor has a very low ESR, so while you have lower losses in it, it also lessens the overall resistance/impedance in the primary circuit. The dV/dt ratings are properly also much better on a good capacitor.

I've tried a few different types of "fast" diodes and not seen much difference.

You would properly only see bad results if you used diodes too slow, either it would not work at all or quickly you would see exploding mosfets

There are a lot of these circuits on ebay these days, and looking at the pictures they all seem to be about the same.  Except for this one:



it seems to have an over-current (or over temperature?) limiting circuit and it looks like they have some other type of gate control.  Note there are 4 small transistors hooked up to the gates of the power FETs.  Does anyone know what they're using for gate control on these boards?

It could be that it uses logic gates and gate drive ICs for active gate drive control and phase shifting, instead of relying in the self oscillating nature of the Royer oscillator.

At this point I think I need an oscilloscope to see what different components are doing, so I wanted to ask if other people have already done these sorts of tests.  Thanks!

It is always a must to have a oscilloscope for electronics, but be aware that you need to take care of grounding issues when measuring on inverter and oscillator circuits. If you do things wrong, like not using a isolation transformer or differential probe, you risk burning out your oscilloscope. This video tells you all you need to know

/>
I have not done tests like this on a Royer induction heater, but I did a lot of measurements on a quasi-resonant induction heater topology.: https://highvoltageforum.net/index.php?topic=104.0
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Offline petespaco

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Re: Royer Refinements
« Reply #2 on: December 04, 2017, 05:23:27 PM »
You can get an inexpensive  single channel digital 'scope for as little as about $USD30, in kit form, or about USD$50 assembled.  I bought one a while ago just out of curiousity and in can work help you to "see" into the circuits.
Here's one example"
https://www.amazon.com/JYETech-Battery-Powered-Oscilloscope-Display-DSO112A/dp/B01BMYS10S/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1512404141&sr=8-1&keywords=dso112

All of my experience is limited to the 1000 watt ZVS heaters that you can see for sale around the world right now, so if your Royer circuits are
a lot differenct, pay no attention to me at all.
  You have talked a lot about current draw, but you don't say whether your measurements are taken with or without a workpiece in the work coil.
To me, the change in "idle" current vs loaded current tells the story.  I hope you are using either steel workpieces or graphite crucibles to load down the system.  Other materials like copper and aluminum don't soak up much power from systems running at 40Khz to about 120Khz, as far as I can tell.
You also don't talk about the capability of your power supply.  If it's voltage sags to different levels with changes in the tank, you may not be comparing apples and apples.
  I concentrate on gate waveforms, so, if you are asking about what others are measuring, go to my page on the subject:
https://spaco.org/Blacksmithing/ZVSInductionHeater/1000WattZVSInductionHeaterNotes.htm
About 2/3 of the way down the page you will see some scope waveforms that may help.

Pete Stanaitis
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Offline flyrod

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Re: Royer Refinements
« Reply #3 on: December 05, 2017, 07:56:12 PM »
Thanks for the replies, guys!  Yes, my circuits are the basic version seen in a lot of places.  I'm just seeing a lot of variety in performance using slightly different parts and I'm curious about why.

I've tried a few different types of "fast" diodes and not seen much difference.

You would properly only see bad results if you used diodes too slow, either it would not work at all or quickly you would see exploding mosfets

I recently got some nice diodes to try (MUR140RLG 35ns 0.88Vf) and was surprised to find that the FETs quickly got very hot.  I suspected that they must be ringing at a much higher frequency than the tank resonance, so I tried adding back in the ferrite beads on the gates.  Now the beads had an effect and the FETs did not get nearly as hot.  However, the plain FS105 diodes (250ns) pulled from a junk board still seem to work better.

It could be that it uses logic gates and gate drive ICs for active gate drive control and phase shifting, instead of relying in the self oscillating nature of the Royer oscillator.

That board pictured above seems to be an evolution of this one:



After the over-current protection parts, it seems to have all the exact same components as the other generic ZVS/Royer boards on ebay, except that this new version has those extra 4 small transistors going to the gates.  So it seems like they are trying to better control the gate signal while maintaining the simplicity of the self-resonant circuit.  They have also rotated the capacitors 90 degrees, I suppose for better cooling.  The ebay pictures are not clear, but I also suspect that the new screw is holding a little DC-DC converter board that they are using to drive the 12v fan/pump and the gates as well.  This would give a constant 12v supply for a range of input voltages.

I'm using a nice 30v 30A CC/CV power supply, so I have not blown up any parts so far.  I have seen the "lockup" condition, but with my setup the power supply just current limits and nothing explodes.  With batteries I can see that a fuse would be needed.  So I'm reading the current draw off of the power supply, and I've been doing back-to-back tests with open coil, loaded coil, etc. to test the effects of changing out different components in the circuit.  One recent change I've made is using a 7812 regulator to supply 12v for the gate pull-up, along with lower value resistors (150ohm instead of 470ohm), and a low power switch that lets me turn the circuit off/on just with the gate supply.

So I guess it boils down to getting an oscilloscope.  But I am curious if there are simple ways to clean up the gate signal without going full PLL or solid state tesla coil driver.  Suppose I hook up a scope and see the messy gate signal that I suspect.  What kinds of things can I try to improve it? 



Offline petespaco

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Re: Royer Refinements
« Reply #4 on: December 05, 2017, 10:47:57 PM »
Quote
So I guess it boils down to getting an oscilloscope.  But I am curious if there are simple ways to clean up the gate signal without going full PLL or solid state tesla coil driver.  Suppose I hook up a scope and see the messy gate signal that I suspect.  What kinds of things can I try to improve it? 

I don't see a "dirty" gate signal that need "clean up" my testing.  It simply doesn't get up to "full on" very quickly when the gate voltage rises too slowly.
I suggest that you carefully watch your power supply's voltage AND current as you experiment.  Sure, you have current limiting, but that is a double-edged sword, so to speak.  If the supply goes into current limiting, it does so by lowering its output voltage, right?
  And this lowering of power supply voltage is seen by the gate circuit.  This, in turn slows down the rise rate of the gate signal and causes an increase in Mosfet heating.  Maybe you have or will solve this by creating a separate gate supply, but that will come with its own complexities, won't it?

If you saw the gate waveforms on my webpage, you can see that even 30 volts applied (see the 24 volt and 36 volt traces) to the gate circuit doesn't give you really fast Mosfet turn on times.  And, for instance, my 24 volt and 36 volt waveforms were made using car batteries for power.

Pete Stanaitis
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Offline flyrod

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Re: Royer Refinements
« Reply #5 on: December 06, 2017, 03:28:36 AM »
If you saw the gate waveforms on my webpage, you can see that even 30 volts applied (see the 24 volt and 36 volt traces) to the gate circuit doesn't give you really fast Mosfet turn on times.

I did see your web page--thanks for sharing your results!  The gate signal does look much better at 48v.  The "shoulders" on the lower voltage signals look like they could be high frequency ringing.  How high of a frequency can your scope see?  I think this ringing at many times the resonant frequency was causing the FET heating I saw with extra fast diodes.  I would be curious to see if those "shoulders" change shape or size with some sort of noise filtering on the gates.

The 470ohm resistors limit the charge rate of the gates and I think the 470 value is just to cover a range of possible input voltages.  I've had good luck with using lower value resistors with the lower voltages I'm using.  I  would be curious to see if you can get a nice looking gate signal (like your 48v input signal) using a separate 12v source and lower value resistors (maybe between 100 and 150ohms?).  Charging the gates with 12v through a lower resistance should be equivalent to charging them with 48v through a higher resistance.


Offline flyrod

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Re: Royer Refinements
« Reply #6 on: January 31, 2018, 03:38:52 PM »
I don't see a "dirty" gate signal that need "clean up" my testing.

I found this image of a gate signal from a "marko" circuit, which is why I suspect that the "shoulders" on your waveform are high frequency noise/ringing that you can't see with your scope:



It seems like that would be causing most of the heat in the FETs.  Has anyone tried putting a ferrite bead on the gate pin?

I also saw this paper on self-oscillating topology and its advantages over PLL setups:

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/56c5/0c701c43b28fa8d2bbdbb9e7199c09de3b0f.pdf

This is still relatively simple to implement and should improve the gate signal.  Anyone have thoughts?



Offline petespaco

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Re: Royer Refinements
« Reply #7 on: February 01, 2018, 02:11:00 PM »
Quote
How high of a frequency can your scope see? 

It is rated for 15 megahertz, but it has plenty of response left at 30.

Pete Stanaitis

Offline flyrod

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Re: Royer Refinements
« Reply #8 on: April 06, 2018, 04:39:24 PM »
Is anyone tinkering with these circuits these days?  It seems like best info I'm able to find is pictures of chinese boards posted on ebay.  Like this one:



From this listing:

https://www.ebay.com/itm/272991523503

The layout of the power components looks the same, with some added complexity on the input and gate control.  The capacitor labels are visible, but the details on the gate drive are hard to make out.  I don't see any gate drive chips, so it must be some refined version of the usual self resonant setup.

There are a ton of these boards on ebay; where are people talking about them?  Do I need some sort of My Face account perhaps?


Offline Mads Barnkob

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Re: Royer Refinements
« Reply #9 on: April 08, 2018, 09:55:59 PM »
What about those small transistors, are they the gate drive or just used for the different measurements it can do?

I think some black smithing forums might be a place to look for others doing more in induction heaters.
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Offline RocketScienceSmurf

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Re: Royer Refinements
« Reply #10 on: April 10, 2018, 01:24:08 PM »
There are a ton of these boards on ebay; where are people talking about them?  Do I need some sort of My Face account perhaps?

I think most people that would like a deeper understanding of how these circuits work end up here or at 4hv.org. I hope I will be able to continue with my experiments this summer. Some kind of oscilloscope is a must to se what happens in these circuits. I bought a cheap 8 channel with too low bandwidth but still it has helped me a lot.

Offline flyrod

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Re: Royer Refinements
« Reply #11 on: April 11, 2018, 01:54:03 AM »
I think most people that would like a deeper understanding of how these circuits work end up here or at 4hv.org.

Funny you should say that, because I found a good paper on this subject and 4hv.org is in his bibliography:

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1265/19da946b5df9b8941a521d5a7019720bcd0d.pdf

This is the "active gate" layout that Jonathan David Paolucci published:



He doesn't go into great detail on his component selection, and the picture in his paper doesn't match the part numbers he calls out, but it's a nice paper.  Is Jonathan a "regular" around here?  I'd be interested in hearing how he developed this gate drive.  The more advanced ebay boards may be using something similar.

btw, I don't think this circuit is only used for blacksmithing, which is why I've been asking about it here.
« Last Edit: April 22, 2018, 07:38:20 AM by flyrod »

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Re: Royer Refinements
« Reply #11 on: April 11, 2018, 01:54:03 AM »

 


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March 20, 2024, 10:39:47 AM
post Re: Phase Lead Questions
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
davekni
March 20, 2024, 04:09:59 AM
post Re: 160mm DRSSTC II project | Questions
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
Benjamin Lockhart
March 20, 2024, 01:13:23 AM
post Re: Phase Lead Questions
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
Keybored
March 20, 2024, 12:45:16 AM
post Re: Benjamin's DRSSTC 2 in progress
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
flyingperson23
March 20, 2024, 12:30:30 AM
post Re: Benjamin's DRSSTC 2 in progress
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
Benjamin Lockhart
March 19, 2024, 11:12:24 PM
post Re: 160mm DRSSTC II project | Questions
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
Late
March 19, 2024, 09:47:49 PM
post Re: 160mm DRSSTC II project | Questions
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
Late
March 19, 2024, 09:44:19 PM
post Phase Lead Questions
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
Saattvik24
March 19, 2024, 06:52:09 PM
post Re: 160mm DRSSTC II project | Questions
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
flyingperson23
March 19, 2024, 05:02:44 PM
post Re: Welcome new members, come say hello and tell a little about yourself :)
[General Chat]
Mads Barnkob
March 19, 2024, 05:01:41 PM
post Re: Benjamin's DRSSTC 2 in progress
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
Mads Barnkob
March 19, 2024, 04:31:02 PM
post Re: 160mm DRSSTC II project | Questions
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
Mads Barnkob
March 19, 2024, 03:59:54 PM
post Re: Benjamin's DRSSTC 2 in progress
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
Benjamin Lockhart
March 19, 2024, 06:41:39 AM
post Re: Welcome new members, come say hello and tell a little about yourself :)
[General Chat]
davekni
March 19, 2024, 04:05:49 AM
post Re: Welcome new members, come say hello and tell a little about yourself :)
[General Chat]
OmGigaTron
March 18, 2024, 09:08:35 PM
post Re: Can I Trust This Super Cheap Site?
[General Chat]
2020-Man
March 18, 2024, 09:07:35 PM
post Re: Can I Trust This Super Cheap Site?
[General Chat]
Twospoons
March 18, 2024, 08:57:06 PM
post Re: Can I Trust This Super Cheap Site?
[General Chat]
MRMILSTAR
March 18, 2024, 03:51:33 PM
post Re: 160mm DRSSTC II project | Questions
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
Late
March 18, 2024, 02:59:46 PM
post Re: 160mm DRSSTC II project | Questions
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
Late
March 18, 2024, 02:33:25 PM
post Can I Trust This Super Cheap Site?
[General Chat]
2020-Man
March 18, 2024, 11:02:12 AM
post Re: Where's all this voltage coming from?
[Spark Gap Tesla Coils (SGTC)]
Twospoons
March 18, 2024, 02:36:11 AM
post Re: Best forum for vacuum tube amplifiers?
[General Chat]
Mads Barnkob
March 17, 2024, 07:42:55 PM
post Re: 2x Panasonic Inverter Microwaves - what to salvage, dangers?
[General Chat]
Michelle_
March 17, 2024, 04:15:14 PM
post Re: 2x Panasonic Inverter Microwaves - what to salvage, dangers?
[General Chat]
Michelle_
March 17, 2024, 05:05:04 AM
post Re: Where's all this voltage coming from?
[Spark Gap Tesla Coils (SGTC)]
davekni
March 17, 2024, 04:50:51 AM
post Re: 2x Panasonic Inverter Microwaves - what to salvage, dangers?
[General Chat]
Twospoons
March 17, 2024, 04:45:17 AM
post 2x Panasonic Inverter Microwaves - what to salvage, dangers?
[General Chat]
Michelle_
March 17, 2024, 04:17:51 AM
post Where's all this voltage coming from?
[Spark Gap Tesla Coils (SGTC)]
Terry
March 17, 2024, 01:29:32 AM
post Re: DRSSTC Questions
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
flyingperson23
March 17, 2024, 12:33:06 AM
post Re: DRSSTC Questions
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
Keybored
March 16, 2024, 08:46:20 PM
post Re: Bleeder resistor for MMC
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
Hydron
March 16, 2024, 08:39:24 PM
post Re: DRSSTC Questions
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
Hydron
March 16, 2024, 08:21:44 PM
post Best forum for vacuum tube amplifiers?
[General Chat]
yourboi
March 16, 2024, 08:20:13 PM

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