Author Topic: Neon power supply + voltage multiplier producing too much voltage  (Read 4193 times)

Offline Davide

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Hi everyone!
I'm an high voltage noob so I hope my question is not too obvious. What I'm trying to make is a power supply to power an x-ray tube, and to do that I decided to connect the output of a Neon power supply (this one: https://it.aliexpress.com/item/4000151726656.html?spm=a2g0s.9042311.0.0.6a9d4c4dNXmRFC) to a CW voltage multiplier made of 3 stages. The output of the Neon power supply is 10kV AC, so, with three stages of multiplication I should have around 84kV DC, as the CW calculator says (link: https://www.extremeelectronics.co.uk/calculators/cw-voltage-calculator/).
However, when I try to strike an arc between the two terminals of the voltage multiplier, no matter how much I increase their distance, the arc will always be able to jump, reaching over 12cm of lenght! Moreover, if I move the terminals too far apart, the arc will strike inside the oil where the voltage multiplier is!  :o
Considering this, I concluded that this setup is actually producing way more than 84kV: the problem is that I don't know why.
My concern is that if I will connect this source to the x-ray tube (which is rated to 70kV) it will damage it.

I know I'm probably doing something wrong in the peak voltage calculation, so if someone could adress me on the right way it would be great! :) Also if you think this setup is not the right way to build an x-ray tube power supply feel free to comment as I'm also considering other alternatives (e.g. flybacks).

I attached the images of the Neon power supply, of the long arc, and of the Cockcroft Walton calculator.

Thank you very much in advance!  :)




Offline davekni

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Re: Neon power supply + voltage multiplier producing too much voltage
« Reply #1 on: May 10, 2021, 03:21:24 AM »
I'm not sure how accurate spark length is as a measure of voltage, especially when electrode shapes aren't controlled and aren't spaced far from any other surfaces.  However, the voltage may still be too high.

Neon sign supplies are designed to provide constant current, not constant voltage.  The 10kV rating is starting-voltage.  Must supplies will shut down if the output voltage remains high for more than 1 second or so.  (My smaller "8kV 20mA" supply shuts down if the output RMS voltage isn't loaded down below 3.5kV.)

I'm a bit surprised that your supply would output more than 10kV starting voltage.  Most such cheap parts are over-rated, performing under rated specifications.  However, the 10kV starting voltage may not be at all accurately controlled.  Even if you fix the 10kV accuracy issue, I doubt your supply will output 10kV for long.  (The supply is rated at 30mA and 20-120W.  The high end of 120W is only 4kV * 30mA operating conditions.)

David Knierim

Offline Davide

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Re: Neon power supply + voltage multiplier producing too much voltage
« Reply #2 on: May 16, 2021, 08:08:29 AM »
Hi Davekni, thank you for your prompt response :)
I didn't know that those power supplies were designed to output constant current and dropped the voltage right after starting. So maybe the 12cm long arcs that it produced were due to the fact that the starting voltage may not be carefully controlled. Moreover, as you said, spark length isn't the best way to measure voltage.

Considering these new informations, I'm thinking that this setup is not the right way to build the x-ray power supply that I need. Would you recommend onther way to generate the high voltage needed to power a 70kV x-ray tube? (which is this one by the way: https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/50-60-70kv-portable-xray-machine_62189076244.html?spm=a2700.9114905.0.0.oHHIuM). I'm currently thinking of two TV flybacks with the secondaries in series.

Thanks again for your help!

Offline davekni

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Re: Neon power supply + voltage multiplier producing too much voltage
« Reply #3 on: May 16, 2021, 08:56:57 PM »
Series-connected TV flyback transformers might work for a short time, but insulation between primary and base of secondary winding on the second one will fail before long.

There are several XRay projects described on this forum.  I suggest looking at those.  I believe all use ferrite-core transformers feeding CW multipliers.  In other words, like your initial design, but with AC sources of more fixed-voltage than a neon-sign supply.
« Last Edit: May 16, 2021, 09:00:17 PM by davekni »
David Knierim

Offline Anders Mikkelsen

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Re: Neon power supply + voltage multiplier producing too much voltage
« Reply #4 on: May 19, 2021, 10:45:53 AM »
12 cm sparks between sharp points should be somewhere in the 80 - 90 kV range, so that makes sense. I'd strongly recommend building a basic resistive divider to measure the actual voltage, both to get reproducible results when taking x-rays, and also for the sake of safety for the tube and operator (X-ray shielding efficiency goes down drastically with increasing voltage). Note that uncompensated dividers are only useful for DC and LF measurements, to get accurate AC voltage measurements is more difficult as stray capacitance in the divider usually starts to dominate over a few hundred hertz.

Probably the loading from the x-ray tube will pull the voltage down to a more reasonable value. Make sure to power the filament before you fire up the HV supply, and regulate the filament current to get the correct anode voltage. This works because the tube will pull more anode current as you increase the filament temperature, causing the output voltage of the multiplier to drop. The current will depend on the output impedance of the SSNST and your multiplier, but this can be compensated for by adjusting the exposure time. Having a consistent voltage is the most important anyways, as this will affect the x-ray penetration and therefore image contrast.
« Last Edit: May 19, 2021, 10:47:29 AM by Anders Mikkelsen »

Offline Davide

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Re: Neon power supply + voltage multiplier producing too much voltage
« Reply #5 on: May 24, 2021, 10:30:52 PM »
Thanks both Anders and Davekni for your answers.

Series-connected TV flyback transformers might work for a short time, but insulation between primary and base of secondary winding on the second one will fail before long.

There are several XRay projects described on this forum.  I suggest looking at those.  I believe all use ferrite-core transformers feeding CW multipliers.  In other words, like your initial design, but with AC sources of more fixed-voltage than a neon-sign supply.

Ok, I understand that the second flyback would work at a much higher voltage than what it is designed for, so probably it won't last long.
I took a look at some other projects on this forum, and I saw that "neukyhm" designed it's own transformer by winding the wire himself. Unfortunately I've never done that and I don't have the equipment to do that, so I was thinking to use a microwave oven transformer instead of the neon power supply. It sohuld generate around 2000V AC, so I would just need to add some stages to the multiplier that I already have. My only concern in this case is that a MOT could provide even too much power.

12 cm sparks between sharp points should be somewhere in the 80 - 90 kV range, so that makes sense. I'd strongly recommend building a basic resistive divider to measure the actual voltage, both to get reproducible results when taking x-rays, and also for the sake of safety for the tube and operator (X-ray shielding efficiency goes down drastically with increasing voltage). Note that uncompensated dividers are only useful for DC and LF measurements, to get accurate AC voltage measurements is more difficult as stray capacitance in the divider usually starts to dominate over a few hundred hertz.

Probably the loading from the x-ray tube will pull the voltage down to a more reasonable value. Make sure to power the filament before you fire up the HV supply, and regulate the filament current to get the correct anode voltage. This works because the tube will pull more anode current as you increase the filament temperature, causing the output voltage of the multiplier to drop. The current will depend on the output impedance of the SSNST and your multiplier, but this can be compensated for by adjusting the exposure time. Having a consistent voltage is the most important anyways, as this will affect the x-ray penetration and therefore image contrast.

Yes I bought a cheap high voltage meter from ebay, but I doesn't give realistic results. I will try building the resistive divider.
Yes probably the tube load would pull down the voltage. So, from what I understand, even using the neon power supply, if I start the filament before the HV circuit, it should give a lower voltage from the beginning. In this case I wouldn't risk to "burn" the tube. Right?

I'm trying to understand what's the most stable, reliable and safe way to generate the "moderately high" AC voltage to feed into the multiplier.

Thanks




Offline davekni

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Re: Neon power supply + voltage multiplier producing too much voltage
« Reply #6 on: May 25, 2021, 04:14:50 AM »
Quote
I've never done that and I don't have the equipment to do that, so I was thinking to use a microwave oven transformer instead of the neon power supply.
An MOT could work, or a pair in center-grounded series.  However, their line-frequency (50Hz or 60Hz) creates two problems.  First is shock hazard.  Line frequency is much more lethal than 20-25kHz.  People die with MOT mistakes, including one man here in my little town (Wilsonville, OR, USA) about 10 years ago.  Second issue is that much larger capacitors are required in the voltage multiplier.

I don't have any experience with XRay tubes.  Unless they present a relatively constant-voltage load like a neon sign does, it will be tricky to get a correct and stable output voltage from a modern 20-25kHz neon sign supply.

There are a few AC-output flyback transformers available on EBay etc.  Search here for links.  You would still need to drive it yourself, perhaps with a ZVS such as the common small induction heaters.
David Knierim

Offline Anders Mikkelsen

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Re: Neon power supply + voltage multiplier producing too much voltage
« Reply #7 on: May 25, 2021, 01:58:19 PM »

Yes probably the tube load would pull down the voltage. So, from what I understand, even using the neon power supply, if I start the filament before the HV circuit, it should give a lower voltage from the beginning. In this case I wouldn't risk to "burn" the tube. Right?

I'm trying to understand what's the most stable, reliable and safe way to generate the "moderately high" AC voltage to feed into the multiplier.


Correct, as long as the filament is warm, the tube will draw current when the anode voltage is applied, keeping the voltage from rising too far.

I think you are on the right track with these solid state neon supplies. Out of curiosity I ordered some myself and I'm really impressed with the performance. They seem to output more than the marked voltage under light loading, probably to help ignite stubborn neon tubes. Even the small 3 kV variants can start an arc at around 1 cm, and the 10 kV unit easily starts an arc across a 3 cm gap.

I did a quick teardown of one of the neon supplies, the much smaller HB-C02TE. It's based on the classic self-oscillating BJT half bridge with a saturating base drive transformer, with a diac for start-up and a SCR sensing the primary current for output overvoltage protection. The circuit starts oscillating at around 45 V DC in, and runs down to 15 V before dropping out of oscillation, which is pretty impressive for such a simple circuit. Output current tracks input voltage nicely, so by feeding these from a variable input voltage you can also limit the output voltage.

Offline Davide

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Re: Neon power supply + voltage multiplier producing too much voltage
« Reply #8 on: July 10, 2021, 07:01:58 PM »
Quote
I've never done that and I don't have the equipment to do that, so I was thinking to use a microwave oven transformer instead of the neon power supply.
An MOT could work, or a pair in center-grounded series.  However, their line-frequency (50Hz or 60Hz) creates two problems.  First is shock hazard.  Line frequency is much more lethal than 20-25kHz.  People die with MOT mistakes, including one man here in my little town (Wilsonville, OR, USA) about 10 years ago.  Second issue is that much larger capacitors are required in the voltage multiplier.

I don't have any experience with XRay tubes.  Unless they present a relatively constant-voltage load like a neon sign does, it will be tricky to get a correct and stable output voltage from a modern 20-25kHz neon sign supply.

There are a few AC-output flyback transformers available on EBay etc.  Search here for links.  You would still need to drive it yourself, perhaps with a ZVS such as the common small induction heaters.

Thank you for your answers, and sorry for the delay in mine, I've been a bit busy lately.
Yes maybe the MOT is too dangerous for this project and for my small experience, however I tried to search for AC flybacks but I could only find very old TV AC flybacks, and I read that these will not last very long. The only "modern" AC transformer that I could find is this: https://it.aliexpress.com/item/32863627116.html?spm=a2g0s.9042311.0.0.3fc14c4dfJY2WF
I think, as you said, that it needs to be driven with a ZVS circuit. I still have to try it, but I think that maybe it outputs too little power. Are there any alternatives to these?


Yes probably the tube load would pull down the voltage. So, from what I understand, even using the neon power supply, if I start the filament before the HV circuit, it should give a lower voltage from the beginning. In this case I wouldn't risk to "burn" the tube. Right?

I'm trying to understand what's the most stable, reliable and safe way to generate the "moderately high" AC voltage to feed into the multiplier.


Correct, as long as the filament is warm, the tube will draw current when the anode voltage is applied, keeping the voltage from rising too far.

I think you are on the right track with these solid state neon supplies. Out of curiosity I ordered some myself and I'm really impressed with the performance. They seem to output more than the marked voltage under light loading, probably to help ignite stubborn neon tubes. Even the small 3 kV variants can start an arc at around 1 cm, and the 10 kV unit easily starts an arc across a 3 cm gap.

I did a quick teardown of one of the neon supplies, the much smaller HB-C02TE. It's based on the classic self-oscillating BJT half bridge with a saturating base drive transformer, with a diac for start-up and a SCR sensing the primary current for output overvoltage protection. The circuit starts oscillating at around 45 V DC in, and runs down to 15 V before dropping out of oscillation, which is pretty impressive for such a simple circuit. Output current tracks input voltage nicely, so by feeding these from a variable input voltage you can also limit the output voltage.

Thanks for experimenting with the same type of power supply that I tried! I actually tried to follow your suggestions: I switched on the filament first, and then I slowly raised the input voltage of the neon power supply with a potentiometer (this one: https://www.amazon.it/gp/product/B01LXLU3SD/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_asin_title_o01_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1). I was able to produce some small x-ray output! (detected by the geiger counter).
This is a small success for me :) , but this setup still needs some improvements: the output of the tube is very low and can't be seen on the intensifier screen. I can't raise the voltage too much otherwise I will get arcing outside the tube. I could put the whole tube in oil, but considering the length (almost 10cm) of the arcs that are capable to strike in the air surrounding the tube, I'm worried that if I put it in oil the arcs will strike inside the tube, ruining it. May I try one of the smaller power supplies (3kV or 5kV) of this type?

Side note: I tried to measure the voltage with a resistive divider (1Gohm and 1Mohm resistors), and when I raised the voltage the voltmeter got up to maximum 20kV, then an arc striked across the legs (5 cm apart) of the bigger resistor of the divider. The 20kV reading is similar to what I got from the cheap high voltage meter from ebay, so it seems like it's correct. But how is it possible to have a 5 cm arc with just 20kV? There must be something wrong in how I measure the voltage, or maybe there is a quick voltage spike that is too short to be detected by the meters and that causes the arc?

Thanks a lot for your help to both of you!!

Offline klugesmith

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Re: Neon power supply + voltage multiplier producing too much voltage
« Reply #9 on: July 11, 2021, 03:13:59 AM »
I think you're on the right track. 
Here are a couple of details that might account for some of the voltage discrepancy.

1.  On traditional NST's, the nameplate open-circuit voltage is RMS of a sinusoid.  So the peak voltage, for example in an unloaded voltage multiplier, is 41% higher.  This dates back to the dawn of neon technology, about 100 years ago.
I guess modern switchmode neon power supplies (please let's not call them transformers) also have sinusoidal outputs and are rated by RMS value.

2. Proper voltage measurement by spark gap requires spherical electrode surfaces with radius much larger than the gap length.   Voltaqe between needle points at the same spacing is much smaller and much less predictable.
But the reference below suggests that 5 cm gap still requires more than 40 kV. 
https://hackaday.com/2016/12/08/measuring-high-voltage-in-millimeters-and-other-hv-probe-tricks/

Offline MRMILSTAR

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Re: Neon power supply + voltage multiplier producing too much voltage
« Reply #10 on: July 11, 2021, 05:12:52 AM »
The general rule of thumb for pointy electrodes is about 1000 volts/mm so 50 cm would imply around 50K volts. Is that 5 cm distance just to initiate the discharge or is the 5 cm a stretched-out arc after initiation? The 1000 volts/mm would only apply for initialization of discharges. Once a plasma path is established a much longer arc can be drawn.
Steve White
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Offline ElectroXa

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Re: Neon power supply + voltage multiplier producing too much voltage
« Reply #11 on: July 11, 2021, 09:18:38 PM »
I would also add that the 1kV/mm rule for pointy electrodes work only until a certain voltage (45kV for needle in the chart), as it becomes non-linear after

I stumbled across this chart :
where 80kV gives 11cm striking distance for needles electrodes  :)

Offline klugesmith

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Re: Neon power supply + voltage multiplier producing too much voltage
« Reply #12 on: July 14, 2021, 04:18:16 AM »
That chart is also found in the hackaday article I linked to. 
Unclear if it was drawn by that article's author.

I am dismayed by the number of technical charts and formulas posted on the Internet with no attempt to give attribution or references. Nothing can be done when we see wrong answers to questions which are matters of fact & should not be debated by grown-ups.  Is this just a view from the baby-boomer generation?

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Re: Neon power supply + voltage multiplier producing too much voltage
« Reply #12 on: July 14, 2021, 04:18:16 AM »

 


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post Re: [WTS] IGBT, Ferrite, Capacitors, Tools, PSU, Industrial components and parts
[Sell / Buy / Trade]
Mads Barnkob
March 21, 2024, 01:37:32 PM
post Re: Difference between these transformers
[Transformer (Ferrite Core)]
Alberto
March 21, 2024, 11:42:07 AM
post Re: Phase Lead Questions
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
davekni
March 21, 2024, 04:09:14 AM
post Re: Benjamin's DRSSTC 2 in progress
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
Benjamin Lockhart
March 21, 2024, 02:15:31 AM
post My Homemade Structural Analysis X-Ray Machine
[X-ray]
Luca c.
March 21, 2024, 01:35:40 AM
post Re: Phase Lead Questions
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
Saattvik24
March 20, 2024, 10:40:00 PM
post Re: Difference between these transformers
[Transformer (Ferrite Core)]
Mads Barnkob
March 20, 2024, 08:03:41 PM
post Re: 2x Panasonic Inverter Microwaves - what to salvage, dangers?
[General Chat]
Mads Barnkob
March 20, 2024, 07:51:57 PM
post Re: Benjamin's DRSSTC 2 in progress
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
Mads Barnkob
March 20, 2024, 10:39:47 AM
post Re: Phase Lead Questions
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
davekni
March 20, 2024, 04:09:59 AM
post Re: 160mm DRSSTC II project | Questions
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
Benjamin Lockhart
March 20, 2024, 01:13:23 AM
post Re: Phase Lead Questions
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
Keybored
March 20, 2024, 12:45:16 AM
post Re: Benjamin's DRSSTC 2 in progress
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
flyingperson23
March 20, 2024, 12:30:30 AM
post Re: Benjamin's DRSSTC 2 in progress
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
Benjamin Lockhart
March 19, 2024, 11:12:24 PM
post Re: 160mm DRSSTC II project | Questions
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
Late
March 19, 2024, 09:47:49 PM
post Re: 160mm DRSSTC II project | Questions
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
Late
March 19, 2024, 09:44:19 PM
post Phase Lead Questions
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
Saattvik24
March 19, 2024, 06:52:09 PM
post Re: 160mm DRSSTC II project | Questions
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
flyingperson23
March 19, 2024, 05:02:44 PM
post Re: Welcome new members, come say hello and tell a little about yourself :)
[General Chat]
Mads Barnkob
March 19, 2024, 05:01:41 PM
post Re: Benjamin's DRSSTC 2 in progress
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
Mads Barnkob
March 19, 2024, 04:31:02 PM
post Re: 160mm DRSSTC II project | Questions
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
Mads Barnkob
March 19, 2024, 03:59:54 PM
post Re: Benjamin's DRSSTC 2 in progress
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
Benjamin Lockhart
March 19, 2024, 06:41:39 AM
post Re: Welcome new members, come say hello and tell a little about yourself :)
[General Chat]
davekni
March 19, 2024, 04:05:49 AM
post Re: Welcome new members, come say hello and tell a little about yourself :)
[General Chat]
OmGigaTron
March 18, 2024, 09:08:35 PM
post Re: Can I Trust This Super Cheap Site?
[General Chat]
2020-Man
March 18, 2024, 09:07:35 PM
post Re: Can I Trust This Super Cheap Site?
[General Chat]
Twospoons
March 18, 2024, 08:57:06 PM
post Re: Can I Trust This Super Cheap Site?
[General Chat]
MRMILSTAR
March 18, 2024, 03:51:33 PM
post Re: 160mm DRSSTC II project | Questions
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
Late
March 18, 2024, 02:59:46 PM
post Re: 160mm DRSSTC II project | Questions
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
Late
March 18, 2024, 02:33:25 PM
post Can I Trust This Super Cheap Site?
[General Chat]
2020-Man
March 18, 2024, 11:02:12 AM
post Re: Where's all this voltage coming from?
[Spark Gap Tesla Coils (SGTC)]
Twospoons
March 18, 2024, 02:36:11 AM
post Re: Best forum for vacuum tube amplifiers?
[General Chat]
Mads Barnkob
March 17, 2024, 07:42:55 PM
post Re: 2x Panasonic Inverter Microwaves - what to salvage, dangers?
[General Chat]
Michelle_
March 17, 2024, 04:15:14 PM
post Re: 2x Panasonic Inverter Microwaves - what to salvage, dangers?
[General Chat]
Michelle_
March 17, 2024, 05:05:04 AM
post Re: Where's all this voltage coming from?
[Spark Gap Tesla Coils (SGTC)]
davekni
March 17, 2024, 04:50:51 AM
post Re: 2x Panasonic Inverter Microwaves - what to salvage, dangers?
[General Chat]
Twospoons
March 17, 2024, 04:45:17 AM
post 2x Panasonic Inverter Microwaves - what to salvage, dangers?
[General Chat]
Michelle_
March 17, 2024, 04:17:51 AM
post Where's all this voltage coming from?
[Spark Gap Tesla Coils (SGTC)]
Terry
March 17, 2024, 01:29:32 AM
post Re: DRSSTC Questions
[Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla coils (DRSSTC)]
flyingperson23
March 17, 2024, 12:33:06 AM

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